| Official languages | |
|---|---|
| Regional languages | |
| Indigenous languages |
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| Minority languages | |
| Dialects of Spanish | |
| Sign languages | |
2. Bolivia
3. Brazil
4. Chile
5. Colombia
6. Ecuador
7. Guyana
8. Paraguay
9. Peru
10. Suriname
Dutch is the sole official language, and is the language of education, government, business, and the media.[3] Over 60% of the population speaks Dutch as a mother tongue,[38] and most of the rest speak it as a second language. In 2004 Suriname became an associate member of the Dutch Language Union.[39]
It is the only Dutch-speaking country in South America as well as the
only independent nation in the Americas where Dutch is spoken by a
majority of the population, and one of the two non-Romance-speaking countries on the continent, the other being English-speaking Guyana.
In Paramaribo, Dutch is the main home language in two-thirds of households.[1] The recognition of "Surinaams-Nederlands" ("Surinamese Dutch") as a national dialect equal to "Nederlands-Nederlands" ("Dutch Dutch") and "Vlaams-Nederlands" ("Flemish Dutch") was expressed in 2009 by the publication of the Woordenboek Surinaams Nederlands (Surinamese–Dutch Dictionary).[40] Only in the interior of Suriname is Dutch seldom spoken. Sranan, a local creole language originally spoken by the creole population group, is the most widely used language in the streets and is often used interchangeably with Dutch depending on the formality of the setting.[41] Surinamese Hindi or Sarnami, a dialect of Bhojpuri, is the third-most used language, spoken by the descendants of South Asian contract workers from then British India. Javanese is used by the descendants of Javanese contract workers. The Maroon languages, somewhat intelligible with Sranan Tongo, include Saramaka, Paramakan, Ndyuka (also called Aukan), Kwinti and Matawai. Amerindian languages, spoken by Amerindians, include Carib and Arawak. Hakka and Cantonese are spoken by the descendants of the Chinese contract workers. Mandarin is spoken by some few recent Chinese immigrants. English, Spanish and Portuguese are also used. Spanish and Portuguese are spoken by Latin American residents and their descendants and sometimes also taught in schools. The public discourse about Suriname's languages is a part of an ongoing debate about the country's national identity.[41] The use of the popular Sranan became associated with nationalist politics after its public use by former dictator Dési Bouterse in the 1980s,[41] and groups descended from escaped slaves might resent it.[41] Some propose to change the national language to English, so as to improve links to the Caribbean and North America, or to Spanish, as a nod to Suriname's location in South America, although it has no Spanish-speaking neighbours.[41] 11. Uruguay Spanish (Uruguayan Spanish), Uruguayan Sign Language, Portuñol.
12. Venezuela
The only official language of the Falkland Islands is English, and this is spoken by almost everyone on a day-to-day basis. Spanish
is spoken by nearly 10% of the population, a significant minority. Most
of the Spanish speakers are immigrants, foreign workers, and expats,
predominantly from Chile and Argentina.
Falkland English dialect
Main article: Falkland Islands English
Falkland Islands English is mainly British
in character. However, as a result of the isolation of the islands, the
small population has developed and retains its own accent/dialect,
which persists despite a large number of immigrants from the United Kingdom in recent years. In rural areas (i.e. anywhere outside Port Stanley), known as ‘Camp’ (from Spanish campo or ‘countryside’),[1] the Falkland accent tends to be stronger. The dialect has resemblances to Australian, New Zealand, West Country and Norfolk dialects of English, as well as Lowland Scots.Falkland Islands English is mainly British in character. However, as a result of the isolation of the islands, the small population has developed and retains its own accent/dialect, which persists despite a large number of immigrants from the United Kingdom in recent years. In rural areas (i.e. anywhere outside Stanley), known as ‘Camp’ (from Spanish campo or ‘countryside’),[2] the Falkland accent tends to be stronger. The dialect has resemblances to Australian, New Zealand, West Country and Norfolk dialects of English, as well as Lowland Scots. Two notable Falkland Island terms are ‘kelper’ meaning a Falkland Islander, from the kelp surrounding the islands (sometimes used pejoratively in Argentina)[3] and ‘smoko’, for a smoking break (as in Australia and New Zealand). The word ‘yomp’ was used by the British armed forces during the Falklands War but is passing out of usage. In recent years, a substantial Saint Helenian population has arrived, mainly to do low-paid work, and they too have a distinct form of English. Spanish loanwordsThe Falklands English vernacular has a fair amount of borrowed Spanish words (often modified or corrupted). These include colloquialisms such as ‘che’, also encountered in Rioplatense Spanish, and ‘poocha’ equivalent to 'damn’.[4] or ‘damn’,[5] (from pucha, a euphemism for damn or ‘wow’).[6]They are particularly numerous, indeed dominant in the local horse-related terminology. For instance, the Islanders use ‘alizan’, ‘colorao’, ‘negro’, ‘blanco’, ‘gotiao’, ‘picasso’, ‘sarco’, ‘rabincana’ etc. for certain horse colours and looks, or ‘bosal’, ‘cabresta’, ‘bastos’, ‘cinch’, ‘conjinilla’, ‘meletas’, ‘tientas’, ‘manares’ etc. for various items of horse gear.[7] Unlike the older English, French and Spanish place names given by mariners, which refer mainly to islands, rocks, bays, coves, and capes (points), the post-1833 Spanish names usually identify inland geographical locations and features, reflecting the new practical necessity for orientation, land delimitation and management in the cattle and sheep farming. Among the typical such names or descriptive and generic parts of names are ‘Rincon Grande’, ‘Ceritos’, ‘Campito’, ‘Cantera’, ‘Terra Motas’, ‘Malo River’, ‘Brasse Mar’, ‘Dos Lomas’, ‘Torcida Point’, ‘Pioja Point’, ‘Estancia’, ‘Oroqueta’, ‘Piedra Sola’, ‘Laguna Seco’, ‘Manada’, etc.[7] 14. French Guiana French and Guianese Creole French are the most widely spoken languages. There are also several native languages, including Arawak, Carib (Kalina), Hakka Chinese and Javanese.[9] The official language, like for all overseas departments and territories of France, is French. 15. Languages of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands The only official language of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands is English, and this is spoken by almost everyone on a day-to-day basis. The islands' population is currently transient, and there never were any native South Georgians, although a handful of people have been born there. ContentsCurrent
The church at Grytviken with the Latin inscription "Anno 1913"
English languageEnglish has been used throughout the recorded history of South Georgia, from the earliest explorations by Anthony de la Roché and James Cook to the present day. It is used for the territory's administration, postage stamps and various other purposes.The majority of the area's toponyms are either in English or anglicised, and have been given by both British and American explorers - e.g. Bird Island, Grass Island, Echo Pass, Gold Harbour and many others. LatinLatin is used in the motto of the islands - "Leo Terram Propriam Protegat" meaning "May the Lion protect his own land". It also appears on the church at Grytviken. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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